Cocoa Cultivation Practices in Nigeria

Cocoa is a member of the family Sterculiaceae in the genus Theobromae. It is a tree crop of the hot humid tropics in areas lying between latitudes 15 o north and south of the equator.

Cocoa originated in the Amazon basin in South America from where it spread to Mexico in Central America and other areas where it is cultivated. The crop is grown principally in West Africa, Central and South America and Asia.

Major world cocoa producing countries in order of volume of output are Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Indonesia, Nigeria, Cameroon, Brazil, Ecuador and Malaysia. These countries account for about 90% of the total world production. The total global output of cocoa beans in 2010-2011 crop year was 3.938 million metric tonnes out of which Nigeria contributed 12.7% of the production figure.

Cocoa production is largely carried by small holder farmers in developing countries but mostly consumed in industrialized countries with Europe as the largest global consumer, consuming about 37.1% of the global crop.

Cocoa was introduced into Nigeria between 1804 and 1808 and the country is currently the fourth largest world producer after Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana and Indonesia.

In Nigeria, the bulk of cocoa beans is produced in the south-western states (Ekiti, Ondo, Osun, Osun, Oyo and Ogun) which account for 70% of the country’s annual production of between 300,000 – 350,000 metric tonnes on a total land area of about 445,000ha.

Cross River State ranks second among the 14 cocoa growing states in Nigeria (Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Delta, Edo Ekiti, Kogi, Kwarra, Ogun Ondo, Osun, Oyo and Taraba ) after Ondo. The highest production of cocoa comes from Ondo (23.41%), while Cross River and Edo contribute 19.3% and 8.9% respectively of the nation’s production.

Major areas of cocoa production in Cross River State are in Obubra, Etung, Boki, and parts of Obudu and Obanliku Local Government Areas.

Cocoa is by far the most important tree crop in Nigeria. It provides livelihood and constitutes

ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENT OF COCOA

Cocoa should be planted in where climatic conditions favour best growth. The crop grows well in the under the dense shade in the warm rain forest or primary forest. The trees are affected by strong winds, drought or wide temperature fluctuations. The site should therefore be free of these environmental hazards. The rainfall should be well – distributed throughout the year with annual and monthly totals of 1000 – 1500mm and 100mm respectively. This will promote fruit production all year round.

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The average annual temperature should be 250C. Generally, a temperature range 0f 180C to 320C is good for cocoa. Cocoa is a lowland crop and the altitude should not exceed 900m above sea level. The best soil is for cocoa is forest soil which is humus. The soil should be deep for easy penetration of roots, well drained and capable of retaining moisture during the dry season. The PH of the soil should be 4.0 – 7.5. Clay loams, loams and sandy loams are suitable for the growth of the cocoa tree. Shall and infertile soils should be avoided. Steep and convex slopes are unsuitable for cocoa cultivation.

Cocoa requires adequate shade for optimum growth. While changing the forest retain some loose trees to provide shade for the young seedlings. If the site is open or the forest, plant shade trees.

VARIETIES OF COCOA

There are three large and distinct groups of cacao within the species Theobroma cacao. These groups are:

Criello Group (Cacao dulce or sweet cocoa)

• Native to central America. It is mostly grown in Mexico, parts of the Caribbean, Venezuela, Papua New Guinea (PNG), the West Indies, Sri Lanka, East Timor and Java. Criello cacao typically has:
• Slender trees with smaller leaves,
• Green, purple or light or a combination of pods or coloured due to the presence of anthocyanin pigments. Finely rapid pods are yellow.
• Plum and cylindrical seeds which may be purple or light purple and are easily fermentable.
• Soft and easy to break pods due to the absence of woody lager.
• Light brown cotyledons (beans) when dry.
• Beans have low fat content
• High susceptibility to cocoa pests and diseases.
• Best flavour beans with spicy and fruity taste.
• Yield potential of 1.0 – 1.5t/ha.
• Most of the chocolate produced in the world is forastero cocoa.

Forastero group (Cacao amargo or bitter cocoa)

This group of cacao is native to Venezuela and Upper Amazon basin (Ecuador). It constitutes the bulk of cocoa commercially cultivated – Brazil, Central America, the Caribbeans and West Africa particularly in Nigeria. The main characteristics of Forastero group of cacao are:

• Green immature pods which become yellow when ripped. There is absence of anthocyanin pigments.
• Smooth pods with rounded or pointed ends
• Thick woody (lignified) pods which are hard to break
• Plum and flattened cotyledons/beans which are deep purple when fresh.
• Vigorous and hardy trees which are more resistive to cocoa pests and diseases than criollo.
• Highly favoured by farmers due to high disease resistance.
• It does not have superior flavour and spicy/fruity taste unlike criollo.
• Beans have high fat content.
• Trees are vigorous with larger leaves and higher yield than criollo.

Trinitario or hybrid group: They arose from crosses between Criollo and Forastero. Trinitario cocoa includes a wide range of hybrids which originated in Trinidad. This group of cacao exhibits characteristics which are a combination of attributes of both Criollo and Forastero groups.

• Mature pods are yellow, orange or red while unripe pods maybe green, whitish, red or purple.
• Pods have variable shapes with thick walled pods due to heavy lignification.
• Pods maybe smooth or deeply furrowed.
• Beans maybe plum or flat
• Cotyledons maybe white or dark pigmentation
• Dwarf and vigorous trees with variable resistance to pests and diseases.
• It has finer flavour than Criollo and is used to provide flavour for chocolate made from “Bulk beans” as well as used to create super – premium chocolate when used alone.

COCOA PLANTING MATERIALS IN USE IN NIGERIA

The cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) has developed cocoa clones that have high – yield and are resistant to the black pod disease of cocoa that is prevalent in all cocoa – producing areas of Nigeria. The varieties include T9/15, T12/11, T19/9, T24/12, T50/32 and T86/2.

The Institute has also developed and distributed 15 progenies Virus (CSSV). These are popularly known as CRIN Elites and they include:

• T7/12 X Na321 (C64)
• T12/5 X Pa35 (C65)
• T17/11 X Na32
• T20/21 X Na32
• T30/10 X Na32
• T65/7 X Na32
• T85/5 X Pa35
• ICS1 X Na32
• ICS7 X Na32
• C77 X C23 (CSSV tolerant)
• C77 X C64 (CSSV tolerant)
• C77 X C87 (WACRI series 11F)
• C75 X C14 (WACRI series 11KC)
• C75 X C25 (WACRI series 11D).

Source: Raw Material Research and Development Council (RMRDC), Abuja. Report on survey of selected agricultural raw materials in Nigeria, 2004 October.

The main varieties of cocoa in current production are the F3 generation of “Amazon” cocoa and the hybrid cocoa. These are high-yielding and resistant to most pests and diseases of cocoa.

RAISING COCOA/SEEDLINGS

Selection of nursery site

Select gently sloping ground that is well drained, not susceptible to flooding. The site must be close to permanent water source and close to sufficient quantities of good earth (i.e. forest top -soil rich in organic matter) or any lighter loam soils. The site must be as close as possible to the track suitable for motor vehicles.

Cocoa nursery operations usually start in September in the Southwest while in October in Southern part of Nigeria.

Preparation of the nursery site

In preparing the nursery:

• All trees and shrubs should be removed
• The site must be levelled out
• A wire netted fence must be provided
• A fire trace of 3.5m should be constructed round the nursery
• Clear site of old materials.

Erecting the nursery shed

• Cut poles of 3.1m (100ft) length
• Map out the site
• Erect poles to a depth of 0.7m (2ft.) with 2.45m (8ft) above the ground.
• Erect poles at intervals of 3.1m such that each nursery block is 3.1m x 3.1m (100ft by 100ft)
• Space between blocks should be 0.75 – 85m (2ft – 2²/³) wide. This space should serve as path between blocks
• Cover the shed at the top, and three sides, with the fourth side open.

Erecting platforms in nursery sheds

• Nursery beds can be on the ground or on raised platforms. The beds serve as base for the polythene bags
• Beds can be made from split bamboos. The split bamboo should face downwards
• Other materials like planks or wood can be used
• The polythene bags are arranged on the beds in rows and columns. It is best to arrange the polybags in rows of 5 bags (big size) or 10 bags (medium size) and length of your choice. The row size is indicated so that effective watering of the seedlings in the bags can be done.
• Erecting cross bars at intervals of every 10 polybags for the side – support of the polybags
• Nursery beds should be erected across the slope of nursery site.

Selection of planting materials

Cocoa is mainly propagated by seed and vegetable propagation is also possible but not popular. The seeds will germinate and produce good plants. Select well ripped pods of not more than 15 days from trees with desired characteristics – high yield early maturity and high resistance to pests and diseases as well as good quality produce. It is very important to use ripe healthy matured disease resistant pod got from the seed garden since pods got from the seed garden are of known parentage and proven performance. Use viable improved hybrid for vigour and higher yield.

Filling the polybags

Use black polythene bags 5″ (12.5cm) x (30cm) x 70 micron filled with forest top- soil arranged in hundreds and a bed containing one thousand cocoa seedlings.

Fill the polybags to three – quarters with forest top-soil or any loam soil.

Set the bags on the nursery platform

Water the bags heavily after filling with good soil.

Planting into the polybags

• Select the mature cocoa pod to use as planting material.
• Open the cocoa pod, the damaged ones first
• Remove the seed from placenta attachment in the pod
• Plant the seed with the blunt end attached to the placenta downwards. Seeds must be sown as quickly as possible and at the latest two days after the pods have been harvested.
• Water the filled bags before sowing the seeds.
• Also water lightly after sowing the beans.
• In estimating the number of pods needed to plant your nursery, remember that each cocoa pod contains an average of 30 seeds.

Propagation by other methods

Seeds – planting at stake

2 cutting –

Gives uniform growth

New plants do not grow tall

Matures early

New plants do not have tap root.

Budding – similar to cutting

Grafting – similar to cutting.

Nursery Management

Label the Nursery – such a label should contain information on:

• Type of seed
• Date of sowing
• No. of seeds sown
• Sources of seeds

Water Management: Light and frequent watering is better to avoid losing some already germinated young cocoa seedlings from dying as a result of the excessive heat emanating from the polythene bag being resultant effect from scotching sun. Too heavy water could encourage the growth of fungi, wastage of water, starvation before the next watering. Watering of the seeds is usually done in the morning and at cool evening with the use of watering cans. Don’t allow leaves of seedlings to stick the soil as such could encourage crooked seedlings.

Weeding. Weeding around the beds and picking of weeds from the potted seedlings. Weeding should be done 2-3 times before transplanting.

Shade management: Cocoa requires shade at the initial stage of development. Shade should be erected using bamboo and palm fronds. The size would depend on the population of seedlings to be produced.

Hardening up. Seedlings should be trained to the conditions on the field hence hardening up is practiced. The shade should be gradually reduced when the seedlings is 5 months old and totally removed at six months when the cocoa seedlings are ready for transplanting.

Disease control: If rainfall is heavy, fungus diseases and damping-off spread easily and fast. Spray with the appropriate chemicals and encourage adequate air circulation.

Pest control: Check and control pest population. Use insecticides if necessary.

ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW COCOA FARM/PLANTATION

Site selection and planting of shade trees

Cocoa grows well in the natural forests in the under storey and in association with shade – producing tree species like banana/plantain, cocoyam or cassava to provide temporary shade during the early stage of establishment. Fruits trees such as Dacryodes edulis(pea tree or bush butter ), Irvingia gabonensis (ogbonno), papaya, citrus and coffee are usually interplanted with cocoa to provide permanent shade in cocoa plantations. Tall trees such as Inga spp, Erytrina spp, Gliridia spp may also be planted as plant shade trees. Shade trees should be established prior to introduction of cocoa seedlings and should be well arranged to shelter the young plants shade trees should be compatible with cocoa.

Land clearing. Clearing method in sites selected for cocoa cultivation depends on the existing vegetation. In Nigeria, virgin and secondary forests are usually used for cocoa farms. It is advisable to remove commercial timber species if present and other smaller trees and then plant seedlings along traces cut through this selectively thinned forest. Alternatively, total clearing could be done and plantains planted to provide shade, at 3.0m x 3.0m spacing in sites intended for cocoa farms.

Transplanting. Seedlings are transplanted into the field when the rains become steady and regular, usually between May and June. Planting holes should be 20cm x 20cm x 20cm spaced at 3m x 3m giving a population of 1111 plants/ha. Cocoa seedlings should be carefully transplanted to permanent sites after 6-7 months of growth in the nursery. The balls of earth should be carefully held on to the seedlings when removing the polythene bags during transplanting operation and spaced at 3.1m x 3.1m apart. About 1010 cocoa seedlings are required to transplant an hectare. One week to transplanting the seedlings to the field, seedlings raised on ground bed nursery should be partially dug in situ to stimulate the development of new roots prior to transplanting into the field. Discard badly shaped and off-type seedlings.

Fertilizer application. Soil fertility is usually not a problem on new plantations. However, for good growth and high yield, the following recommendation should be followed:

For the first two years – apply 100-200kg of Urea/ha or 200kg NPK + 200kg P2O5/ha. OR

3-4th year – Apply 200-250kg Urea/ha or 500-600kg NPK + Mg/ha.

5th year and above – Apply 150-250kg Urea/ha or 500-6-kg NPK + Mg.

These should be applied in a ring form 15cm away from the base of the seedling.

If planted on land that has been under cultivation for some years the following fertilization programme should be followed.

Fertilizer application programme for cocoa

Recommendation

Year

Soil cleared from forest

Soil clear from cocoa and arable crop

1st year

50g single super phosphate (SSP) or

20g TSP/tree.

22g urea + 50g SSP + 8gKCL/tree. Apply on the soil surface in a circle at least 25cm from the stem. Apply half rate in July and the other half in September.

2nd – 3rd year after planting

125g SSP or 55g TSP/tree

54g + 55g + SSP + 179g KCl/ tree. Apply in a ring round the stem. Half rate in April and remaining half in September.

4th – 6th year.

150 – 300kg SSP/ha or 63 – 126kg TSP/ha

108 – 216g tree + 150g SSP + 50g KCl/tree. Broadcast half the rate in April/May and the remaining half in August/September.

Matured ‘Amelonado’ Cocoa

305kg Urea + 250kg SSP

+ 40kg KCl/ha

305kg Urea + 250kg SSP + 40kg KCl/ha.

Broadcast and split annual rate into two for April/May and September.

Matured Amazon Cocoa

374kgUrea +375kg SSP + 97kg KCl/ha

Boron at 30g/tree

374kg Urea + 375 kg SSP + 97 kg KCl/ha. Boron at 30 g/tree. Broadcast Nitrogen fertilizer in split doses, half in August. Apply P and K or Boron once in April/May.

FARM MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS:

Provision of shade: Provide shade during the first 2-3 years of field transplanting before the canopy closes. An ideal shade tree should be easy to establish with a short period of time and should compete as little as possible for water and nutrients with cocoa and should be easily removed when not needed

Mulching: Newly transplanted cocoa seedlings should be mulched around October before the rains cease. This will help conserve soil moisture and enable the seedlings survive the first dry season in the field.

Weed control: Clean weeding is economical on smallholdings up to 2ha. In large plantations, row weeding thrice a year supplemented with slashing of avenue is adequate. Weeding improves air circulation and reduces the relative humidity thereby reducing the incidence of Blackpod disease. Intercropping newly established cocoa plantation with annual crops up to the third year reduces weed infestation. Suitable intercrops include:

• Cocoa/yam/maize/cowpea
• Cocoa/cassava/maize/melon
• Cocoa/cocoyam/melon/okro.

Use of Herbicides:

This is economical and more effective on large plantations, but care should be taken not to affect young cocoa seedlings.

Use mixed formulations of Asulox 40 plus Actril DS at the rates of 7.5 x 1.5 and 8.5 x 1.5 litres/ha on old plantations.

Pruning: This is done after 2-3 years of growth to maintain regularly shaped trees. Remove all unwanted branches, Chupons and flushes on the stems or branches. Use a sharp machete. Pruning should be done in such a way to promote lateral growth for easy harvesting later on. Treat all pruned surfaces to prevent u=entry of pathogens/diseases. Light pruning maybe done at any time of the year, while heavy pruning should b done in February/march or May/June.

COMMON DISEASES OF COCOA:

Swollen shoot disease:

This is a viral disease transmitted by mealy bugs. Infected plants have swellings on shoots and roots, which results to small pods, stunted growth/few leaves

• Control:

Plant resistant cocoa varieties and destroy all infected plants.

Black pod disease:

It is the most serious disease of cocoa in West Africa in general and Nigeria in particular. It is a fungal disease caused by the fungus Phythopthora palmivora. The disease attacks young and matured fruits as well as young leaves and trunks of cocoa. It also causes seedling die-back. The major damage caused by the disease is the rotting of both young and matured pods. The disease is most severe in the rainy season and is spread mostly through rain drops/rain splash, pod contact, infected knives, contact with infected soil and insects/rodents.

• Control:

Removal and destruction of infected pods.

Weed control.

Spray every 21 days during the rainy season with mostly copper based fungicides like Lime-Bordeaux mixture, Cupravit (Cupric hydroxide), Ridomil (Apron 35) and Rodomil plus.

Die-back disease:

This is a fungal disease caused by Calonectria regidiuscula. It is spread by Capsid and Mirid bugs which feed on tips creating wounds through which the fungus enters.

• Symptoms:

1. Defoliation
2. Death of branches
3. Yield reduction.

• Control:

Spray with Gammalin 20 to kill the mirids.

MAJOR PESTS OF COCOA:

Cocoa Mirids (Capsids):

They are the most serious pests of cocoa in Nigeria. They include;

• Brown Mirid (Sahlbergella singularis)
• Black Mirid (Distantiella theobromae)
• Cocoa mosquito (Helopeltis bergrothi)

Cocoa Mealybugs:

• Planococoides njalensis
• Planococoides citri
• Fusarium virgata

Other important pests are Thrips, Caterpillars, Aphids and Termites.

• Control:

Use insecticides like Gammalin 20, Aldrax, Aldrin, etc at recommended dosages.

HARVESTING OF COCOA:

Trees start bearing after 4-5 years and remain in production for about 35 years. Cocoa fruits take about 5-6 months to ripen. Pods grow from the trunk and branches of the cocoa tree. Harvesting involves removing ripe pods from the trees and opening them to extract the wet beans. The pods are harvested manually by cutting off the stalk with a well sharpened knife or blade. Pods high on the trees should be removed with the pruning hook mounted on a long pole.

Caution:

• Do not climb the trees to harvest in order not to damage the flower cushion which will produce the flowers and fruits of the subsequent harvests.
• Harvest ripe pods timely to prevent germination of beans inside the pods.
• Harvest only well matured fruits.
• Do not tear-off cocoa fruits to avoid damage to the bark of the trees.

Breaking of Pods:

Break the pods to extract beans. Use blunt machetes or sticks, pods with light shells/husks can be broken with hands or knocked together.

Caution:

• Do not cut through the pods as this damages the beans
• Do not delay bean extraction beyond 2-3 weeks after harvesting to prevent germination of the beans.

FERMENTATION:

This is the most important operation in processing cocoa beans. Fermentation is done to;

• Kill the embryo of the beans and stop germination
• Reduce bitterness
• Remove the mucilage/pulp to facilitate drying
• Loosen the testa/seed coat for easy removal during industrial processing.
• Make the embryo crisp and brittle
• Develop the characteristic flavour, taste and colour.
• Destruction of pathogens.

Fermentation can be carried out in three ways viz;

On small holdings, fermentation is usually done in heaps of beans enclosed by plantain or banana leaves. The heap method can handle about 25kg to 2,500kg of cocoa beans and fermentation usually last about 5-7 days.

Basket Method:

Use baskets lined and covered with fresh plantain/banana leaves to ferment the beans. It takes 3-5 days.

Box Method:

This is common in plantations and is the best method. Fermentation is normally carried out in large wooden boxes that typically hold 1-2 tonnes of beans. The beans can be covered with banana leaves or sackling to conserve th heat generated during fermentation. The use of fermentation boxes promotes aeration within the box and good drainage. Fermentation is completed in about 4 days.

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DRYING AND BAGGING OF COCOA BEANS:

Drying of cocoa beans stops further biochemical reactions, hardens the beans and prevents growth of mould in storage. For safe storage, the seed moisture content should be 6-7%. Sun-drying is still the practical method of drying cocoa beans in Nigeria. Slow and even drying is important to avoid wrinkling of beans and for uniform drying. Sun-drying can be done on concrete floors or raised platforms or tarpaulins. Spread the beans in thin layers and rake regularly to ensure even drying.

The seed-coat (shell) of well-dried beans should separate readily when nicked by the thumb nail and the cotyledon (nib) should crack easily when pressed. Properly dried beans exhibit a reddish colouration. Under dried beans show rubbery (pliable) cotyledons while over dried beans crumble into fragments when pressed. Both are undesirable. Dried cocoa beans are usually bagged in jute sacks in 50kg weight.

STORAGE:

Cocoa beans are bagged in jute sacks and stored in warehouses. Bags should be placed on wooden platforms and not directly on the floor. The warehouse should be well ventilated to prevent build up of relative humidity which promotes the development of fungal diseases.

COCOA QUALITY AND GGRADING:

Cocoa beans should be free from deterioration, additives, contaminants (foreign bodies) and should have neutral odour. The beans are graded based on:

• Slatiness (Unfermented beans).
• Mouldiness (causes permanent off-flavour)
• Contaminants (chemicals, foreign bodies, damaged beans, etc)

Based on the above factors, cocoa beans are graded as:

Generally, cocoa should be;

Uniform in size

Thoroughly dry and free from

Smoky beans

Foreign bodies/odour

Adulteration/contaminants/hamful substances e.g heavy metals, insecticides, micro-organisms

Living insects (Weevils)

Broken or rotten beans

ADDING VALUE TO COCOA:

Value addition is the treatment given to cocoa to increase its economic value. Enhancing the value of cocoa beans starts from planting through harvesting, bean extraction, fermentation, drying, bagging, storage and processing into intermediate or finished products.

COCOA PROCESSING:

This includes converting the fermented beans into nibs, liquor, butter, cake or powder. Before cocoa can be made into chocolate, it must pass through;

• Inspection and cleaning
• Roasting
• Shelling
• Grinding

Products that can be obtained from processed cocoa include;

• Nibs
• Liquor
• Cocoa butter
• Cake
• Powder
• Chocolate
• Milk chocolate

MARKETING OF COCOA IN NIGERIA:

Most cocoa produced in Nigeria is marketed as cocoa beans. Cocoa price is determined at the international market based on demand and supply. Government only ensures quality compliance/regulation.

Major cocoa buyers/importers include:

• United States (32.7%)
• Germany (11.6%)
• France (10.3%)
• United Kingdom (9.2%)
• Russian Federation (7.7%)
• Japan (6.4%)
• Italy (4.6%)
• Spain (3.8%)
• Brazil (3.7%)

STAKEHOLDERS IN COCOA BUSINESS:

• Cocoa farmers (producers)
• Warehousing and shipping agents.
• Local Buying Agents (LBAs)
• Large Merchants (Middle men)
• Local processors
• Exporters
• International processors
• Final consumers/importers
• Government (Agencies/Department)