Taylor and Mayo's Schools of Thought

Compare And Contrast Between The Scientific School Of Thought And Behaviorist School Of Thought

Management is when different individuals come together in an organization to work towards achieving the organizational goals. People in an organization work towards the same goal but perform in various ways. Thus, management is taking charge of different activities in an organization and guiding their efforts towards the same goal. Managers in an organization would perform functions such as planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. But most of the managers focus on earning a surplus. Managers would manage the workers in such a way that they would increase productivity efficiently and effectively. The organization also needs to learn to influence the behavior of the employees. A firm cannot only rely on providing their employees with financial incentives such as Salaries, Perquisites, Wages etc but also have to provide them with non financial incentives such as Promotions, Job Enrichment, Employee Empowerment etc. Hence many great managers have come up with different theories regarding this topic. Two popular ones are Scientific School of Thought by Frederick Winslow Taylor [1856-1915] and Human Relation School of Thought by Elton Mayo [1880-1949].

Management, as described by Mary Parker Follett can be called the ‘art of getting things done through people’. An organization’s performance completely relies on how effective is their management. Therefore, achieving group goals and personal goals become the top priority of management.

There are different types of schools of management

1. The Classical Approach
2. The Neo-Classical Approach
3. The Modern Approach

The Classical approach includes Scientific Management, Administrative Management and Bureaucratic Management. The Neo-Classical approach includes Human relation approach, Behavioral approach and Operational research approach. The Modern approach includes System Theory and Contingency Theory.

Scientific School of Thought

This part of the essay would focus on scientific school of thought also known as “Taylorism” which comes from the Classical Approach. The name Taylorism arises from Fredrick Winslow Taylor, the founder of scientific management. “Scientific management means knowing exactly what you want one to do and seeing that they do it in the cheapest way possible.” This approach focused on achieving the task in the most efficient and effective way possible. Maximum prosperity was to be the principle aim of any organization. According to Taylor, each employee should specialize in a particular job and should be given further training so that they can produce more and earn more. This would help prosper both the company and the worker. He said that the main factor which motivates the workers in an organization is monetary reward. Taylor did not believe the management and workers should be separated, he always thought that they should work together and should be treated equally. F.W. Taylor is also famously known as the “Father of Scientific Management”. His main focus was on motion study and time study. The work methods designed by Taylor were to simply increase the productivity from the workers. In short, we can say that Taylor strongly believed in division of labour which results in the workers being de-skilled.

Scientific management is based on some of the following principles:

• Firstly, Rule of Thumb method should be replaced with scientific approach. Each method should be evaluated and the best method therefore should be selected.
• Secondly, Workers and managers should be able to work together and coordinate their work. There should be no dispute between them and each task should run smoothly in an organization.
• Thirdly, each worker in an organization should need the other. The top and the lower level of the organization should co-operate with each other at all times.
• Lastly, every person should be able to develop to their greatest efficiency and prosper accordingly.

F.W.Taylor conducted many experiments during his career, and some of the techniques of management specified by him are:

1. Functional Foremanship
2. Standardization and Simplification of Work
3. Method Study
4. Motion Study
5. Time Study
6. Fatigue Study
7. Differential Piece Wage System

Behavioral School of Thought

This part of the essay would talk about the Behavioral School of Thought which comes under the Neo-Classical Approach. This approach did not only focus on maximum prosperity of the organization but fulfilled the employee’s needs also. According to Elton Mayo, the employee’s needed something over and above financial incentives and that was the non – financial incentives. The behavioral science approach studied the attitude, behavior and performance of the individuals and groups in an organization.

The Human Relation Movement focused on cooperation and coordination among the employees not only to achieve the organizational goals but also to increase communication among the employees and fulfill their needs. The attention provided to the human resource was the salient aspect of the Human Relation Movement. Informal groups formed within an organization are proved to be most effective when decisions are to be made, as it unites all the members in the organization. The management should make sure to fulfill their safety/security needs, the basic physiological needs, affiliation needs etc.

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F. J. Roethlisberger and William. J. Dickson are the two most important and renowned co-researchers who performed the famous Hawthorne Experiments. The main conclusion from the Hawthorne Experiments was that there are a number of factors on which the performance of the employee depends. Workers who receive special attention towards their needs increase productivity in the most efficient and effective way because of the attention given to them.

Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor are two personalities who contributed towards the Behavioral Science Approach. Abraham Maslow was known for his Hierarchy Needs Theory of Motivation and Douglas McGregor was known for Theory X and Theory Y.

The famous Psychologist Abraham Maslow’s theory that was based on human needs is as follows:

• Firstly Basic Physiological Needs, which meant that the organization should provide good enough salary to fulfill needs such as hunger, thirst, shelter, clothes etc.
• Secondly, Safety and Security needs which provides protection from social and emotional harm. The organization should provide stable income, job security, etc to the employees.
• Thirdly, Affiliation and Belonging needs which means that they should feel the need of their presence.
• Fourthly, Esteem needs which help them get some amount of respect, status and recognition.
• Last in the Hierarchy, Self Actualization needs which is the most important need. It leads people in an organization to achieve what they want to become.

Douglas McGregor described two different sets of attitudes towards workforce motivation.

Theory X assumes that usually employees dislike work, they are lazy and will try to only complete work as minimally as possible. The only way to improve their work level and efficiency would be through either rewards or punishment. Therefore, they need a hierarchal structure with a narrow span of control at all levels. It is also believed that people only work for monetary reasons.

Theory Y assumes that workers are not necessarily lazy, for them work comes naturally as play does; they might be ambitious and enjoy doing a good job at their work. Weather the worker likes their work or not will be determined by the job itself. People usually tend to accept responsibility under this assumption. Employees should also be allowed to bring in their creativity and given a platform to prove their worth.

Comparisons between Taylor and Mayo's Principles

Scientific School of Thought and Behaviorist School of Thought have their own principles and approaches towards achieving the organizational goals.

While scientific management focused on increasing output through financial incentives, Behavioral Science fulfilled social and economical needs to achieve the required output.

Taylor’s policies focused on profit maximization but on short term, while Mayo’s policies helped in achieving profits for long term basis.

There were a few criticisms to Mayo’s principles, which proved that Taylor’s principles were more effective. Mayo believed in satisfying each individual’s personal needs which would become difficult for a company to achieve if the market standing is not good.

On the contrary, Taylor’s principles were more rigid, which would help to maintain discipline among the employees. Mayo believed that informal groups would help to make changes in an organization, but if informal groups would lead to rumors, then applying changes would be difficult. That is why Taylor believed that there should only be formal discussion among employees.

The principles formed by Taylor led to stereotyped workers which would make work environment boring, as opposed to Mayo’s technique which allowed workers to bring about new and interesting suggestions in method of working.

Mayo’s theories allowed discussion on grounds of making decision, but under scientific management, an organization should allow only the top level management to make all the decisions. The former allowed groups to be formed in an organization so that there can be group discussions and better decisions can be made, but the latter only allowed orders to be passed on to the lower level management.

Both the principles believed that there should be peace and integrity between the workers so that work can be done in the most effective way and so production can be increased.

Taylor and Mayo’s theories believed that a company should be financially strong so that they can fulfill the financial needs of the workers in order to achieve the organization goals through maximum prosperity.

Taylor’s principles ignored the concerns of the human resource while Mayo took that into consideration.

According to Taylor’s theory, the only motivating factor for a worker was ‘monetary incentive’. Therefore, under the scientific management, an employee was an ‘economic man’. According to Mayo’s theory, the driving force for the employees in an organization is self-actualization. Their social wants like sense of acceptance, communication etc need to be satisfied. Thus, an employee under human relations management was a ‘social man’. Scientific management treated the worker as a ‘human machine’ and used the ‘differential system’ for motivation. On the other hand, the human relations movement stated that the main objective was satisfaction of employees. According to the human relations movement, “the most effective workers are those who are motivated and thus satisfied.

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Conclusion

Both the theories have their own advantages as well as disadvantages. When it comes to application of the theories, both these schools of thought are equally important. Therefore, it can be concluded that even though both the theories have different approach, they aim towards the same common goal. Both the scientific management theory and the human relations movement theory aim at organizational excellence through increased efficiency. This can be achieved by applying either both the theories or either of them separately. In modern management scenario, the manager who applies a mix of well-balanced management theories into practice is the one who makes a good manager. Thus, Scientific Management and Human Relation are two sides of a same coin and none is superior to the other.

References

(Hawthorne Effect, 2010) (Management, 2010) (Elton Mayo, 2010)(Human Relations Movement, 2010) (Scientific Management, 2010) (The Principles of Scientific Management, 2010) (Abraham Maslow, 2010) (HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS)

(Scribd ) (School of Management Thought) (Scribd) (Thoughts and Theories of Scientific Management) (Hawthorne Theory) (Evolution of Management Thought)