Education enables the individuals and society to make an all round participation in development process by acquiring knowledge, ability, skills and attitudes. Academic performance is affected by most of factors. These includes gender difference, age, traveling time to reach the university, income of father, combine study, sitting back in class room, attendance, internet usage for study, previous qualification. This topic variables that affect the students performance has generated as considerable amount of scholarly attention (Meltem Dayiogule, Serap trust Asik Dec 2004, Aden Kadir Geleto (Haramaya University). Primary data is collected from the student of students from York st john to analyze the result. The cumulative GPA is depending on variables in this study. The independent variables are selected based on literature and some preliminary analysis of data. Some variables are according to result such as sitting back in class room, age of students, traveling time, father’ income not directly affected the student performance.
I identify 9 factors which influence the student’s academic performance. These factors are; gender of students, age of students, internet surfing, city of residence, last qualification, class participation, Father Education. They Describes the implications for improving academic performance and for achieving better CGPA in education.
Review of the Literature
Education is one of the most important factors that determine the development of society or country. The main objective of this study was to identify the factors that affect students’ academic performance in higher learning institutions. Due to different factors, however, both the quantity and the quality of graduates from higher education in Ethiopia have become points of discussions nowadays a number of indicators can be used to determine the academic achievement of graduation students. In the literature, the most frequently employed measure is students’ cumulative grade point average (CGPA). We consider the academic achievement of male and female students in terms of CGPA. The dependant variable in this study is the cumulative GPA upon graduation of the student. The independent variables were selected based on the literature and some preliminary analysis of the data.
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The gender of the student is a factor to determining student’s performance. Gender differences in attitudes, personality, teacher’s expectation and behaviors, differential course taking and biological giving rise to gender difference in achievement (Feingold, 1988) The students whose performance better in college and university. Who get better scores in high schools? Boys perform betters as compare to girls. Anderson et Al (1994). The academic performance can be influenced by factor course taking behavior, classroom experiences and participation of any student. (Byrnes, Hong and Xing, 1997; Young and fisler, 2000). According to some researchers the performance of women is better as compare to men in the colleges and university. Hyde & Kling (2000). Therefore the grades of women are good. (Leonard and Jiang, 1999; Hyde and Kling, 2001; Bridgeman and Wendler, 1991; Wainer and Steinberg, 1992).
On the biological perspective the gender differences considers social factors to subordinate the biological factors like brain structure (Lynn,1998a, 1998b, 1999; Allik, Must and Lynn, 1999; Colom and Lynn, 2004) asserts that males have larger average brain sizes than females and therefore, they would be expected to have higher average IQs Mackintosh (1998). On the other hand some researcher claims that there is no gender difference in general intelligence. Some authors explain this pattern by stating that females are more hard working and have a stronger work ethic than males Stage and Kloosterman (1995).
Other researchers also have argued that female receive higher grades than male because they work harder and attend class more frequently (Wainer and Steinberg, 1992). “Girls are found to get better grades than boys” This phenomenon is explained by boys disregard for authority, academic performance and formal achievement, differences in students attitudes to work increased maturity and more effective learning strategies Baker and Jones (1993).
Different researchers have made attempts to identify the factors that affect student’s performance in lower and higher institutions. Anderson et. al. (1994) concludes that students whose performance is better in high schools they also perform better in college and universities and men had better grades than women. Borg and Shapiro (1996) said that a student’s performance is better in classroom where student and professor have similar learning styles. On the other hand Topping (1994) have found that sitting at the back in the classroom and absence from classes negatively affect the student’s academic performance. According to Topping an increase of one percent in absences will reduce the score of the final examination by 0.043%. Another most important factors affecting student’s academic performance are how early they starts reading for final exams, ESLCE GPA. Father’s education, whether he/she gets the department of first choice, income category of the father and age of the student are some other factors to evaluate the performance Younger, Warrington and Williams (1999). This indicate that students whose father more educated they perform better than students having less educated or illiterate fathers The results of the data analysis show that the most important factors that affect students performance are students previous performance at high school level (ESLCE) GPA, Getting the department of first choice, time of starting reading for examinations and age of the student influenced their performance Leonard and Jiang (1999).
Family background is also another important factor found to be significant in this study, although it had not been considered in the previous studies. The more the father is educated the better is the performance of the student. This may be due to the fact that educated fathers are well aware to challenges in education, and thus provide their children with moral strength to perform very well. Educated Fathers may exempt their children from doing some household activities when they get low scores (sige, 2001). Performance of students, on the other hand, is negatively related to economic statuses of the fathers. To escaping from poverty in Ethiopia and other underdeveloped countries, the students who coming from poor family backgrounds may study very hard for secure jobs Baker, D. P. and Jones, D. P. (1993) Creating Gender Equality. Students from poor family background may also know that their parents expect financial assistances from them after graduation, thus they work very hard to achieve the goal.
Research Design
The objective of this study is to identify the factors that could affect the performance of students in higher learning institutions. A number of indicators can be used to determine the academic achievement of graduate students. In the literature, the most frequently measure is student’s cumulative grades point average (CGPA).
The performance of students measured with CGPA in the educational sectors. In the causal study, we see how an independent variable produces changes in another dependent variable. The mind writer projects of descriptive although subsequent studies might be causal. The Cumulative GPA is dependent variable in this study. The independent variables were selected based on the literature and some preliminary analysis of the data. The data is analyzed through cross tabulation relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables through correlation techniques. In this research to study the influence of different factors on the cumulative GPA upon graduation of the students. Students are the logical group helps us for generating ideas now their performance.
Research Methodology
Developing the research design & clearly defining the research question is a useful way to design a research study. Studies made by others for their own purposes represent secondary data. Local and international articles and journals were referred as secondary source of information in the study. Primary data on student’s characteristics were collected by using a questionnaire prepared. It is inefficient discover areas through the collection of primary data. Provided the basis for developing the questionnaire used in the study primary data were collected from the distribution of self administered questionnaires to 100 students of Gujarat and Gujranwala universities. The questionnaire contained eighteen variables related to different aspects of the student’s performance in the educational institution.
Research instruments
For this purpose Close ended questionnaire form was designed for this project. There are two sections in the questionnaire. Section A is the demographic profile that identifies student’s gender wise, age wise, geographically, background of students last qualification in degrees, relationship of travel time, father income and education and study time duration, public and private sector institute. Section B includes determinants like student’s internet surfing time, class participation combine study and class attendance.
Sample Design & Data collection procedure
The sampling method was used to select 100 students from different institutes. The University of Punjab (PU), University of Gujrat, GIFT University and GIFT College. We have selected five disciplined including Bachelors in Business Administration (BBA), Bachelors of Commerce (B.Com), Master in Business Administration (MBA), MA English, and other disciplines from public and private institutes. A minor editing was done before the final questionnaires were used to collect data from students by acting in their feedback. We personally went in educational institutes and collect data by interacting with students. Before hand over questionnaire form to students, we approached to desire discipline students and make sure that they are not from 1st semester and had GPA result which is major variable to evaluate the student’s performance.
Data analysis techniques and selection of measure
The statistical package for social science program (SPSS) was used to summarize and run correlation on data obtained from the survey. Frequency distribution used to mention demographics of students. Correlation techniques were utilized to discuss relationship between student’s academic performance and variables.
The variable also measured on 5 Likert-type scales, was the students overall performance in the educational sectors and the independent variables were the standardized factors scores create for each individuals. Cross tabulation and Correlation techniques were utilized to discuss the relationship between academic performances to CGPA. Cross tabulations used to determine the relationship of CGPA with different variables
Research Questionnaire and Interpretation
We are the students of GIFT University and we are conducting the research to know the factors that influence the academic performance of students. So kindly give us your precious time by fill this questionnaire.
What is your Gender?
Male
Female
What is your age group?
16-19
20-24
25-30
What is your current semester in the University?
First
Second
Third
Forth
What is your program in University?
MBA
B.A/B.Com
M.A/M.S.C/M.C.S
Internet surfing in semester system makes help in achieving good scores?
Strongly Agree
Agree
Not Sure
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Do you think that your last qualification score affect your current academic performance?
Yes
NO
Class participation increases the academic performance of students?
Strongly Agree
Agree
Not Sure
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Do you think your attendances affect your academic perforce?
Yes
NO
Sitting at back in class negatively affect your academic performance?
Strongly Agree
Agree
Not Sure
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Students whose father income is average gain high scores in their performances?
Strongly Agree
Agree
Not Sure
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Do you think father’s education affects the academic performance of students?
Yes
NO
City of residence affects the student’s academic performance?
Strongly Agree
Agree
Not Sure
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Frequency Table
KMO and Bartlett’s Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.
.785
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity
Approx. Chi-Square
802.063
df
45
Sig.
.000
In which we analyze our data through KMO and Bartlett’s test. In which KMO is grater then .5 and less than .9 and the Bartlett test range between the .05. So our data is valid and audience response according to our perception.
Gender
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Male
64
47.1
47.1
47.1
Female
72
52.9
52.9
100.0
Total
136
100.0
100.0
Age of Student
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
16 – 19
38
27.9
27.9
27.9
20 – 24
82
60.3
60.3
88.2
25 – 30
16
11.8
11.8
100.0
Total
136
100.0
100.0
Programmed Study
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Business programmed
98
72.1
72.1
72.1
Other than Business
38
27.9
27.9
100.0
Total
136
100.0
100.0
Internet Surfing affect academic performance
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree
75
55.1
55.1
55.1
Agree
27
19.9
19.9
75.0
Neutral
7
5.1
5.1
80.1
Disagree
6
4.4
4.4
84.6
Strongly Disagree
21
15.4
15.4
100.0
Total
136
100.0
100.0
Last Qualification major cause of good performance
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Yes
93
68.4
68.4
68.4
NO
43
31.6
31.6
100.0
Total
136
100.0
100.0
Class Participation increase CGPA
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree
66
48.5
48.5
48.5
Agree
2
1.5
1.5
50.0
Neutral
24
17.6
17.6
67.6
Disagree
22
16.2
16.2
83.8
Strongly Disagree
22
16.2
16.2
100.0
Total
136
100.0
100.0
Sitting back in class room harm student’s performances
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree
29
21.3
21.3
21.3
Agree
25
18.4
18.4
39.7
Neutral
8
5.9
5.9
45.6
Disagree
37
27.2
27.2
72.8
Strongly Disagree
37
27.2
27.2
100.0
Total
136
100.0
100.0
Father’s Income also causes
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree
30
22.1
22.1
22.1
Agree
37
27.2
27.2
49.3
Neutral
9
6.6
6.6
55.9
Disagree
18
13.2
13.2
69.1
Strongly Disagree
42
30.9
30.9
100.0
Total
136
100.0
100.0
Father’s Education may also cause
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Yes
50
36.8
36.8
36.8
No
86
63.2
63.2
100.0
Total
136
100.0
100.0
City of Residence
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Strongly Agree
57
41.9
41.9
41.9
Strongly Disagree
79
58.1
58.1
100.0
Total
136
100.0
100.0
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Std. Deviation
Analysis N
Gender
1.53
.501
136
Age of Student
1.84
.611
136
Programme Study
1.28
.450
136
Internet Surfing affect
academic performance
2.05
1.477
136
Last Qualification major cause of good performance
1.32
.467
136
Class Participation increase CGPA
2.50
1.592
136
Sitting back in class room harm student’s performances
3.21
1.540
136
Father;s Income also causes
3.04
1.594
136
Father,s Education may also cause
1.63
.484
136
City of Residence
1.58
.495
136
Component
1
2
3
4
Gender
.953
-.110
-.117
.035
Age of Student
.316
.796
.062
.072
Programme Study
-.655
.247
-.388
.301
Internet Surfing affect academic performance
-.181
-.017
.880
.338
Last Qualification major cause of good performance
-.319
-.487
-.098
-.215
Class Participation increase CGPA
.931
.016
-.064
-.001
Sitting back in class room harm student’s performances
.878
-.191
-.137
.017
Father;s Income also causes
.848
.260
-.048
-.022
Father,s Education may also cause
.680
-.166
.348
-.208
City of Residence
.331
-.299
-.153
.846
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
a. 4 components extracted.
Communalities
Extraction
Gender
.936
Age of Student
.743
Programme Study
.732
Internet Surfing affect academic performance
.922
Last Qualification major cause of good performance
.395
Class Participation increase CGPA
.870
Sitting back in class room harm student’s performances
.825
Father;s Income also causes
.790
Father,s Education may also cause
.655
City of Residence
.937
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Total Variance Explained
Component
Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings
Total
% of Variance
Cumulative %
1
4.500
45.002
45.002
2
1.166
11.662
56.664
3
1.122
11.222
67.885
4
1.016
10.164
78.049
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Results
Of the 100 students who responded to the questionnaire 53 percent were male and 47 percent were female. 56.8% were enrolled in the 2nd and 3rd semester and 43.2% were from 4rth semester. A total of 64% of respondent were in the business program, while remaining 36% of respondents were in the Bachelor commerce, Master in English and other programs. For measuring the student’s academic performance 62 respondents agree and strongly agree that internet surfing make help them in study and increase their academic performance. 38 respondents were neutral and remaining was disagreeing to this statement. In the following cross tabulation we make 9 different relation between dependent and independent variable that’s may help to measure the academic performance (CGPA). Table 1 show the result of cross tabulation explained each variable and factors that affect the student’s academic performance (CGPA). The nine variables identifies in the cross tabulation.
Table 1:
Result of
Questionnaire for variable that affects students academic performance
Variable name
Dependant Variable
Independent Variable
Pearson’s R
Spearman Correlation
V1
CGPA
Gender of the Student
0.080
0.079
V2
CGPA
Age of students
0.039
0.060
V3
CGPA
Internet surfing
0.098
0.096
V4
Current Qualification performance
Last Qualification performance
0.169
0.170
V5
CGPA
Class Participation
-0.087
-0.045
V6
CGPA
Sitting Back in Class room
-0.039
-0.023
V7
CGPA
Father’s Income
0.004
0.006
V8
CGPA
Father’s Education
-0.079
-0.077
V9
CGPA
City of Residence
0.088
0.025
We can be described as follows. (V1) the gender of the student is an independent variable or factor that influencing the student’s academic performance (CGPA). By stating that females tend to work more conscientiously and have a stronger work ethic then males. In (V2) the age of the students is a factor that attracts the students toward internet surfing. Students in semester system used internet surfing that may also affect on their academic performance. For its part (V3) 218 respondents are strongly agree and agree that in semester system internet surfing makes help them to achieve good scores. (V4) last qualification may influence great part on student’s current academic performance. 68% students that have high scores in last qualification their current academic performance is very well. (V5) Class participation is also a factor that affects student’s academic performance. 74% students strongly agree that class participation increase their academic performance.
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For its part class room and absence from classes negatively affect the performance of students. 62.6% students strongly agree that their attendance affects their CGPA. (V6) Sitting back in class room is a factor that may influence on the student’s academic performance. 45% students are agreeing with this statement that sitting back in the class room may affect their performance. 20% are neutral and 35% students disagree with this statement. (V7) Family background is another important factor to measure student’s academic performance.144 respondents gets high CGPA which father income is average. (V8) Father education has a great impact on student’s academic performance. Student’s whose father education is below matric their academic performance is not very well instead of those students whose father is well educated. (V9) Demographic profile like city of residence also affects student’s academic performance.
The result of correlation analysis and shows in order to importance the factors which affects the student’s academic performance (CGPA) based on the Pearson’s R and Spearman’s correlation results indicates that (V1) Gender of student is strongly correlated with the student’s CGPA. (V3) Internet surfing has perfect positive correlated with student’s academic performance (CGPA). (V4) Last qualification performance of students have perfect positive correlated with the student’s current performance. (V7) father income is strongly correlated with the student’s academic performance. (V9) city of residence has perfect positive correlated with the student’s academic performance. (V1) Gender of students, (V3) Internet surfing, (V4) Last qualification, (V7) Father income and (V9) City of the respondents are strongly and perfect positive correlated with student’s academic performance. (V2) Age of students, (V5) Class participation, (V6) Sitting back in class room and (V8) Father education are also significant quality factor.
Discussion and Conclusion
The objective of this study is to identify the factors that could affect the performance of students in higher institutions. The results of the data analysis show that the most important factors that affect student’s performance are father education, last qualification performance, gender differences and city of residence. We also analysis the results that male students perform well as compare to female student, and also get information that Students perform better in private institution as compare to government institution. Accordingly those who performed better in previous institution, they also perform better in higher institution, because they had strong potential to easily catch up with exam types in the university. This finding is also in consistence with the findings of the previous researches. Anderson, ET. Al. (1994) concludes that students who received better scores in high schools also perform better in college and male had better grades than women. Borg and Shapiro said that a student would do better in class where the student and professor had similar learning style.
Family background is another important factor found to be significant in this study. The socio-economic background determines his/her academic achievements. If father is educated then better is the performance of the student. This may be due to fact that educated father are well aware to importance of education, and thus provide their children with moral strength to perform very well. On top of this, fathers may exempt their children from doing some household activities when they were at lower grades. Performance of students on the other hand is negatively related to economic status of the father. That is, students having poor father perform better than those who are coming from better families.
The possible reasons for this result may be that education is one of the major source to remove poverty in underdeveloped countries and the thus students coming from poor family background may work very hard for increasing scores. They don’t also have enough money to engage in other activities that take their times. The student who spent more time on study gets good CGPA. But some students are more intelligent and do not spent enough time on study and gets good CGPA. Almost in all universities, only those students who score higher GPAs regularly study during their education. Students who start reading for examinations from the beginning of the classes or early after the begun were also found to perform for better than those who start reading for examinations after examination dates are scheduled. Examination for all courses and departments are also scheduled so that they can be finished within one or two weeks. Thus, those who wait for the announcement of examination dates to start reading their notes could likely perform less.
Age of the students is found to be other important factors that also affect the academic performance of the students. The negative relationship between age and performance of the students may indicate to us that educating our children as early as possible are very important. The sitting back in the classroom affects the student’s performance. The students sit back in classroom don’t attend lecture conceptually. They spend their time in whispering and disturb the class. Absence from classes negatively affects the performance of the students. According to topping an increase of one person in absence will reduce the score of the final examination by 0.043%. The student’s GPA in first year will affect the CGPA. If students get good GPA in first semester will also perform well continuously in the next semester and results in good CGPA. There are significant differences in performance of students from urban and rural areas.
Female spend their spare time in home in studying while male spend their spare time in playing with friends. There are some other factors that affect student performance that are internet surfing, combine study and class participation. The student who serves more time on internet gets good grades. But one of the aspect here that student serve internet for studying purpose. If the student use internet surfing for education purpose, their performance definitely increase because they gain more and latest information from the internet and improve their performance. On the other hand student uses internets for other purpose than education do not get good CGPA.
The class participation is also effect student CGPA. The student who participates in the class discussion gets good grades. The teacher also give student Class Participation marks in class. Some student hesitates in class to talk, do not inspire the teacher and losses CPs marks that is why do not get good grades. As the most important affecting students performance. the personal problems are lack of Self confidence, feeling of loneliness and adjustment to the situation in the university. At the end these are major factors that affect students academic performance According to Spearman’s correlation results indicates that Gender of student is strongly correlated with the student’s CGPA. Internet sur
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