Introduction:
Any kinds of news about something new or current affairs which appears frequently and is a type of publication can be considered as a Newspaper. According to American author Mark Twain “If you don’t read the newspaper, you’re uninformed. If you read the newspaper, you’re mis-informed.” Newspaper consists of many different contents such as news, articles, features, advertisement and many more which is printed in relatively cheap newsprint. Newspaper publishes news daily or weekly of general interest to large portions of public in a specific geographic area. According to American Novelist Norman Mailer “Once a newspaper touches a story the facts are lost forever, even the protagonists.”
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A newspaper contains news and articles that touches personalities, business and finance, crime, severe weather, natural disasters, health and medicine, science and technology, sports, entertainment, fashion and arts divided and published in different sections closely related to proximity factor or general interest of the people. Even though the Newspaper is based on facts and news, personal opinions are adjusted through editorials and op-eds.
The newspaper includes photographs shot by the photographers along with stories and articles along with graphic artists, data, chats and diagrams. All the reports or stories have headlines and photographs with caption is edited to be fixed somewhere in the paper’s layout after being checked by the editors usually supervised by an editor-in-chief or an executive editor. The newspaper business is kept alive by general circulation or through advertisement they carry. It is important for newspaper to provide citizens with information on government and politics.
History of Newspaper in European context:
The history of newspaper in Europe can be traced back to 59 B.C. to A.D. 222 in Rome when writing and reading gained reliability. The Roman Empire published Acta Diurna (Daily Acts), a daily handwritten news sheets which were carved in mental or stone and posted by the government in Roman forum. The acta contained news of Political happenings, trials, scandals, military campaigns and executions. These were printed with the order of Julius Caesar, a Roman general and author of Latin writing style.
The printing press came into light to propagate news in Europe soon after the invention of letter press by Johann Gutenberg in the 1450’s which was the initiation of movable type of printing press. In 1470, one of the first printed works which can be considered as news was an Italian account of a tournament. Christopher Columbus had written a letter reporting his discoveries which was set in type and was circulated all over Barcelona before he got there in 1493. There were thousands of printed newsbooks, short pamphlets reporting on a news event, and news ballads, details of current events written in verse and generally printed on one side of a single sheet of paper which were circulated all over Europe and its colonies specially America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The newsbooks and news ballads was eligible enough to be called a newspaper since they appeared only once, to report only one story and had no identity separate from the scrupulous news report they told.
There is no doubt that the concept of modern newspaper was invented in Europe. The oldest form of modern newspaper is said to be first published as a handwritten news sheets that circulated extensively in Venice, Italy in the sixteenth century. Notizie scritte (“written notices”) were published by the government of Venice in 1556 which led to the trademark of modern newspaper. Venice was the center of trade in Europe therefore hub for information. The Venetian news sheets also known as avisi or gazettes which was handwritten had information and news regarding politics, wars and economy of Italy and Europe during early modern era (1500 – 1800). The newspaper traveled all along Europe till London and was distributed weekly during 1566 A.D. They techniques and style they applied for this paper were short sets of news items, advanced from a particular city, printed under the name of that city along with the date on which they were sent. These techniques would be used in most early printed newspapers and this idea of handwritten newsbooks travelled all the way to Germany and Holland.
According to World association of newspapers, the oldest surviving European printed newspaper were published weekly in German language in Germany, the first being Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdign Historien printed in 1605 A.D. in Strasbourg by Johann Carlous followed Avisa Relation oder Zeitun printed by Lucas Schlute in 1609 in Wolfenbüttel. The names of the cities were not included in the papers in order to evade government prosecutions.
It did not take much time for the printed newspaper to spread through Europe rapidly starting from printed weeklies which appeared in Basel in 1610, followed by Frankfort and Vienna in 1615 and finally in Berlin by 1617. All the weeklies were in German language and no specific names have been discovered. In 1618 the first Dutch newspaper weekly was introduced in Amsterdam called Courante uyt Italien, Buytslandt, &c. which can be considered as the first broadsheet paper because it was issued in folio – size rather than previously printed pamphlets in quarto – size.
The very first newspaper printed in England came in 1621 when an English official complained about the lack of means of communication in England. The French started printing newspaper of its own in May 30, 1631 called La Gazette in Paris. The Italians introduced their first printed weekly in 1639 followed by Spanish Catalan language newspaper Gazeta in 1641.
The first English Language newspaper was printed in Amsterdam by Joris Veseler for the publisher Pieter van den Keere in 1620. The first English newspaper does not begin with a title because in those early days papers often did not have consistent names. The first English newspaper is well illustrated by the following item: “Out of Ceulen (cologne), the 24 of November. Letters of Neurenburge of the 20 of this present, make mention, that they had advise from the Borders of Bohemis, that there had been a very great Battle by Prague.” The news was translated in English, printed and shipped to London.
Many early newspapers did not have many stories to be printed and struggled to find new news to fill their paper every week, especially in England, the news were published late. The reader’s “expectation of weekly newes” was not fulfilled during those time. This led to more working hours to gather news to fill the weekly news and this pace of gathering news lead to adapt itself to the schedule of daily newspapers later on.
The first actually printed newspaper in England was “Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Gerany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the low Countreys” in September 24, 1621. The publisher known by only initials N.B. whose credits are given either to Nathaniel Butter and Nicholas Bourne which were both England’s first newspaper journalist. The second newspaper in France Gazette de France was also published in 1631 by Theophraste Renaudot which survived till the French Revolution in 1789.
There were basically two formats in which the newspaper were published in early days; one was the Dutch paper style known as “corantos,” in which the reports were packed densely in only two or four pages and the other style was the German weeklies, generally a pamphlets with eight to twenty four pages. The Dutch style of paper eventually turned into German style in 1622.
The news were printed directly in print shop as soon as it was received, such as the thirty years war raging on the continent at that time appeared under the name of Vienna, Frankfort or Prague or any other cities where a letter or newspaper found its way to a printing shop. The same news printed in some date in a certain city was printed in different date in some other city. In London the process of editing story to make it easier for the reader started by editor Thomas Gainsford, who started working in series of early English newspaper in 1622.
The Oxford Gazette which was established in 7 November 1665 and that contained official journals of record of the British government is the oldest surviving English newspaper in the world today. The Daily Courant was the first daily newspaper in the England and the world. It was first published in 11 March 1702 and was produced by Elizabeth Mallet and contained a single page with advertisements on the reverser side.
Year |
Newspaper |
Language |
City |
Country |
Reference |
1605 |
Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdign Historien |
German |
Strasbourg |
Holy Roman Empire |
First newspaper of the world |
1609 |
Avisa Relation oder Zeitung |
German |
Wolfenbüttel |
Holy Roman Empire |
|
1610 |
German |
Basel |
Swiss Confederacy |
||
1615 |
– |
German |
Frankfurt |
Holy Roman Empire |
|
1617 |
German |
Berlin |
Holy Roman Empire |
||
1618 |
Courante uyt Italien Duytslandt, &c. |
Dutch |
Amsterdam |
Dutch Republic |
It is the world’s first broadsheet. out of use in 1664 |
1620 |
Nieuwe Tijdinghen |
Dutch |
Antwerp |
Spanish Netherlands |
Published in 1605 – 1629 |
1631 |
La Gazette |
French |
Paris |
France |
First newspaper in French language and first weekly magazine established between May 30, 1631 – September 30, 1915 |
1641 |
Gazeta |
Catalan |
Barcelona |
Spain |
The first Catalan Language newspaper. Only two issues were published |
1645 |
Ordinari Post Tijdender |
Swedish |
Stockholm |
Sweden |
Oldest and still published newspaper in the world. Went online in 2007 |
1656 |
Weeckelycke Courante van Europa |
Dutch |
Haarlem |
Dutch Republic |
In 1664 the name was changed to Oprechte haerlemsche Courant. The newspaper merged with the Haarlems Dagblad in 1942 and still exists. |
1661 |
La Gazeta |
Spanish |
Madrid |
Kingdom of Spain |
Existed till 2008 as “Boletin official del Estado” and went completely online from 2009. |
1661 |
Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny |
Polish |
Krakow |
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth |
Lasted till 22 July 1661 in Warsaw. |
1664 |
Gazzetta di Mantova |
Italian |
Mantua |
Duchy of Mantua, Holy Roman Empire |
Still the oldest privet and continuously published print in the world. |
1665 |
Oxford Gazette |
English |
Oxford |
England |
It was renamed as London Gazette and moved to London in 1666. |
1702 |
Daily Courant |
English |
London |
England |
It was the world’s first daily Newspaper. Merged with the Daily Gazetteer in 1735. |
1702 |
Vedomosti |
Russian |
Moscow |
Russia |
Renamed as Sankt – Petersburgskie in 1728, and again renamed as Petrogradskie Vedomosti in 1914. Last issue in 1917. |
1703 |
Wiener Zeitung |
German |
Vienna |
Austria |
Still in publication. |
1704 |
The Review |
English |
London |
England |
Founded by Daniel Defoe as a Review of the Affairs of France until 1713. |
1705 |
Hildesheimer Relations – Courier |
German |
Hildesheim |
Germany |
Still in publication with name Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung. |
1705 |
Mercurius Hungaricus |
Hungarian |
Hungary |
Hungary |
Was printed in Latin and lasted till 1710. |
1709 |
The Tatler |
English |
London |
Kingdom of Great Britain |
Founder was Richarded Steele and existed till 1711. |
1709 |
The Worcester Post – Man |
English |
Worcester |
Kingdom of Great Britain |
Renamed as Berrow’s Worcester journal since 1753. Last publication was in 1690. |
1710 |
The Examiner |
English |
London |
Kingdom of Great Britain |
Jonathan swift had the most contribution and lasted till 1714. |
1711 |
The Spectator |
English |
London |
Kingdom of Great Britain |
Founded by Joseph Addison and lasted till 1712. |
1719 |
The Daily Post |
English |
London |
Kingdom of Great Britain |
Established in 1719 by Daniel Defoe. It contained news about current events, science, art and all important dates. |
1719 |
Pražské poštovské noviny |
Czech |
Prague |
Kingdom of Bohemia |
It was a weekly newspaper which is no more. |
1731 |
Gentleman’s Magazine |
English |
London |
England |
Lasted till 1922 and was first to use the term magazine. |
1734 |
Lloyd’s List |
English |
London |
England |
It still publishes news about shipping, marine insurance and is the oldest English – language daily to be published till date. |
1735 |
Gazzetta di Parma |
Italian |
Parma |
Duchy of Parma |
Still available. |
1737 |
The Belfast News Letter |
English |
Belfast |
Kingdom of Ireland |
Still available. |
1738 |
Feuille d’Avis de Neuchâtel |
French |
Neuchatel |
Swiss Confederacy |
The oldest French – Language daily newspaper which is still published. |
1747 |
The Press and Journal |
English |
Aberdeen |
United Kingdom |
Still available. |
1749 |
Berlingske |
Danish |
Copenhagen |
Denmark – Norway |
Originally known as Kjøbenhavnske Danske Post-Tidender. Still available. |
1752 |
Leeuwarder Courant |
Dutch |
Leeuwarden |
The Netherlands |
Originally known as Leeuwarder Saturdagse Courant. Still available. |
1758 |
Norrköpings Tidningar |
Swedish |
Norrköping |
Sweden |
Originally published weekly asNorrköpings Weko-Tidningar. Still available. |
1761 |
Nassau – Saarbrückisches Wochenblatt |
German |
Saarbrücken |
Nassausaarbrucken |
Still available as Sarbrüker Zeitung. |
1767 |
Adresseavisen |
Norwegian |
Trondheim |
Denmark – Norway |
Originally namedKongelig allene privilegerede Trondheims Adresse-Contoirs Efterretninger. Still available |
1767 |
Finns Leinster Journal |
English |
Kilkenny |
Kingdom of Ireland |
|
1772 |
Fyens Stiftstidende |
Danish |
Odense |
Denmark – Norway |
Originally namedKongelig Privilegerede Odense Adresse-Contoirs Efterretninger. Still available. |
1783 |
The Herald |
English |
Glasgow |
United Kingdom |
Still available. |
1785 |
The Times |
English |
London |
United Kingdom |
Still available. |
1791 |
The observer |
English |
London |
United Kingdom |
First Sunday newspaper of the world. Still available. |
1794 |
Arhus Stiftstidende |
Danish |
Denmark – Norway |
Arhus |
Originally named Aarhus Stifts-Tidende.still available |
1817 |
The Scotsman |
English |
Edinburgh |
United Kingdom |
Still available |
1821 |
The Guardian |
English |
Manchester |
United Kingdom |
Originally named “The Manchester Guardian”. Still available. |
1824 |
Abo Underrättelser |
Swedish |
Abo |
Finland |
Still available. |
1826 |
Le Figaro |
French |
Paris |
France |
Still available. |
1829 |
Curierul Românesc |
Romanian |
Bucharest |
Romania |
Lasted from 1829 to 1859. |
1829 |
Albina Românească |
Romanian |
Lasi |
Romania |
Lasted from 1829 to 1850. |
1831 |
Takvim-I vekayi |
Turkish |
Istanbul |
Ottoman Empire |
Published till 1891. |
1835 |
O Açoriano Oriental |
Portuguese |
Ponta Delgada Azores |
Portugal |
Still available. |
1843 |
News of the World |
English |
London |
United Kingdom |
Closed in 7 July 2011, after the phone hacking scandal. |
1844 |
Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant |
Dutch |
Rotterdam |
The Netherlands |
Merged with Algemeen Handelsblad in 1970 and still available. |
1846 |
L’Indépendant |
French |
Perpignan |
France |
Still available. |
1853 |
Faro de Vigo |
Spanish |
Vigo |
Spain |
Oldest and still available newspaper published in spain. |
1854 |
Surrey Comet |
English |
London |
United Kingdom |
Still available. |
1855 |
The Daily Telegraph |
English |
London |
United Kindom |
Still available. |
1855 |
A Aurora do Lima |
Portuguese |
Viana do Castelo |
Portugal |
Still available. |
1859 |
Le Progrès |
French |
Lyon |
France |
Still available. |
1859 |
La Nazione |
Italian |
Florence |
Grand Duchy of Tuscany |
Still available. |
1861 |
L’Osservatore Romano |
Italian |
Vatican City |
Papal States |
Semi official newspaper of the Holy See. |
1863 |
Church Times |
English |
London |
England |
Weekly newspaper which is still available. |
1870 |
La Dépêche du Midi |
French |
Tlulouse |
France |
Still available. |
1873 |
Richmond and Twickenham Times |
English |
London |
England |
Weekly London newspaper which is still available. |
1877 |
Dernières Nouvelles d’Alsace |
French |
Strasbourg |
France |
Still available. |
1881 |
The Evening News |
English |
London |
England |
Closed in 1987. |
1882 |
El Pireneo Aragonés |
Spanish |
Jaca |
Spain |
Still published in the Autonomous community of Aragon. |
1888 |
Financial Times |
English |
London |
United Kingdom |
Still available. |
1889 |
L’Est Républicain |
French |
Nancy |
France |
Still available. |
1891 |
Gazet van Antwerpen |
Dutch |
Antwerp |
Flanders, Belgium |
Still available. |
1891 |
La Nuova Sardegna |
Italian |
Sassari |
Kindom of Italy |
Still available. |
1893 |
Lidové Noviny |
Czech |
Brno |
Moravia, Austria – Hungary |
Still published in Prague and known as Lidovky. |
1893 |
De Telegraaf |
Dutch |
Amsterdam |
The Netherlands |
Still available and is the largest Newspaper in Holland. |
1895 |
Heraldo de Aragón |
Spanish |
Zaragoza |
Spain |
Still available and known as Heraldo. |
1896 |
Daily Mail |
English |
London |
England |
Was a major trendsetter for English newspaper market by starting the trend for popular mass journalism and is still published. |
Table 1: List of oldest newspapers in Europe according to the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers.
The freedom of the press was very much suppressed during those times and controlled by the authorities therefore very less news about the country was being printed at those times. The newspapers were not allowed to discuss any local or national issues or events. The first breakthrough in news writing came during the English Civil War after the parliament under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell struggled with King Charles I, and journalist felt free to discuss about it. The first English newspaper to talk about national issue was the sedate little weekly entitles which talked about the proceedings in the parliament in 1641.
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The struggle of freedom of press was initiated by John Milton in His Areopagitica in England 1644. They were free from government control and experienced free press. According to the historian Joseph Frank, newspapers in England were the first to use Headlines, print advertisement, employ women, newsboy to sell newspapers and proper journalist in the world in 1640s. Newspaper started reporting newsworthy national stories by 1649 with a story: “This day the King was beheaded, over against the Banquetting house by White – Hall….”
Cormwell gained more power after the beheading of Charles I and cracked down the press allowing only few newspapers to be printed. However the Glorious Revolution in 1688 again free the press freedom and the Licensing Act lapsed in 1695 allowing press to criticize the government and write what they pleased.
Newspapers started taking new turns by becoming more commercial with more advertisement along with printing price listings and market reports. In 1650 the world’s oldest surviving printed daily newspaper Einkommende Zeitung was established in Leipzig in 1650. Daily Courant became the first daily newspaper in the world which appeared in London in 1702. In the early eighteenth century, according to journalism historian Stanley Morison, the newspaper gained “a hold on London’s commercial classes which it never lost.” At that time, too, great essayists like Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift began publishing newspapers filled with their social and political commentaries in London.
Breakthrough in English newspaper came when journalist were allowed so sit in the gallery in parliament, however they could not take any notes. In 1783 journalist were allowed to take notes after William Woodfall, editor of morning Chronicles send his reports to write the parliament proceedings. Similarly reports about the French Revolution were heavily written all over Europe which led to many other revolutions notably the American Revolution in late 1700s.
The early 19th century there was many newspapers being published in Europe specially after the Industrial Revolution. Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to Become and even more widely circulated means of communication. By 1814, the Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per minute.
Conclusion
In this way the development of newspapers in Europe has impacted the way of newspaper writing and printing all over the world. The rich history of newspaper in Europe and its domination around the world at that period has left a lot of impact and impression on other newspaper around the world. According to WAN-IFRA Currently there are more than 15 thousand newspaper titles in the world. Newspaper is a part of eve
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