We live in a changing world and change is inevitable. The use of new technology, tools, adoption of new values and practices in organizations are all aspects of change and modernization. There is, however, a paradox in the attitudes of various generations towards change. The generally urban-ward movement, particularly among the young, has spelled greater independence for them with diminishing parental control and influence on their lives which may pose many undesirable consequences on their behavior. Such changes along with the rapid development in information technology and the spread of mass media play an important role in shaping their behavior. This paper is an attempt to uncover the attitudes of the management students towards change and the various facets of modernization. The sample consists of 120 management students studying in a business school located in the national capital region in India. Attitude towards modernization was measured by using Dr. B.M Mathur “Modernization attitude scale” which consists of 35 items measuring the five dimensions: Social Mobility; Position of Women; Family Planning; Marriage; and Religion and Superstition. Mean, SD, t-test and correlation were used to analyze the data and conclusions were drawn on the basis of the results. Statistical analysis showed a positive attitude of management students towards different facets of modernization. However, a significant difference was found between female and male students on two dimensions of modernization i.e. social mobility and position of women with female students scoring higher on both the dimensions.
Dr. Sombala Ningthoujam is a faculty Member at IBS Gurgaon and can be reached at [email protected]
Dr. Shalini Khandelwal is a faculty member at IBS Gurgaon and can be reached at [email protected]
Modernization: Concept, Meaning and Relevance
Human society has changed much over the last centuries and this process of ‘modernization’ has profoundly affected our lives. Modernization is the process of changing the conditions of a society, an organization or a group of people in ways that change the privileges of that group according to modern technology or modern knowledge. There are differences of emphasis with respect to the meaning of modernization due to its relationship with the most contentious concept of ‘development.’ The transition from the traditional to the modern society can be treated with a primarily negative emphasis in terms of removing institutional obstacles to development, or with a positive emphasis in terms of creating the cultural environment necessary for development (Bernstein, 1971). Acc to Lerner (1964), modernization is the social process of which development is the economic component. Development or modernization denotes a particular kind of social change. Thus, the participation of social science disciplines in the discussion of development is recognized as necessary and is often being expressed in the ‘social conditions of economic growth’ or ‘non-economic barriers to economic growth’ types of formula (Bernstein, 1971).
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Modernization means the appearance of ‘modes of social life or organization which emerged in Europe from about the seventeenth century onwards and which subsequently became more or less worldwide in their influence’ (Giddens, 1991). The goals of higher standard of life, freedom, security, social justice are more of the accepted goals of modernism (Srivastava et.al, 1976). Modernization theory states that the economy, social conditions and cultural values of a society are to a large extent structurally and functionally linked and change in relatively predictable ways (Rostow, 1971; Inglehart, 1997; Inglehart and Baker, 2000). Modernity is the attitude to adjust’s from one’s inner being to the rapidly changing condition of socio-cultural and economic milieu. This attitude implies a scientific and rational world view and inculcates universalistic and secular values. Modernity also implies flexibility of attitude, while traditionalism implies rigidity. Basic belief in the idea of modernity is that everything is destined to be speeded up, dissolved, displaced, transformed and reshaped. The development towards fully consolidated modernity implies a simultaneous transformation of linked social conditions and values.
All societies eventually pass through the same stages of development, moving from traditional agrarian to modern industrial society and from there further to post-industrial or postmodern forms (Kragh and Djusaa, 2006). The goals of higher standard of life, freedom security, social justice are some of the accepted goals of modernism (Srivastava et.al, 1976). Socioeconomic modernization is an underlying factor influencing civic culture and democracy at the level of society, and commitment and classroom egalitarianism at the level of business schools. Within the basic assumptions of modernization theory, there is a considerable variety of emphasis on different levels- according to whether conceptual priority is assigned to personality factors, institutions, cultural orientations or social processes (Bernstein, 1971). The influence of western civilization on china can be seen not only in material and technology areas, but also in philosophy and basic values (Yang, 1986).
The process of a country’s development from a traditional society into a modern society is accompanied by a corresponding transformation of outlook and values. With the growth of the media and the consumer society, people have become passive conformists, filled with egoistic, solitary obsessions and they don’t accept the old, possessive family values. Individuals in modern society have become isolated. An important aspect of modernization is the weakening of the family bond and loyalties. This also results in the growing dependence on non-family and out-group members (Granovetter, 1973; Fukuyama, 1999). The only bonds in the modern society are the bonds of immediate interest and immediate worth and not of enduring value. In an advanced modern society, strangers learn to trust each other and cooperate as members of the same individualized culture (Scruton, 2003). The family and in-group values lose importance and citizen values gain importance. Thus, the growth of organic organizations depends on the civic culture of society, which again depends on the stage of modernization. In less advanced modern countries, we should thus expect to find a lower ratio of organic to mechanistic organizations (Kragh and Djursaa, 2006).
Modernization and Social Mobility
The long term development of patterns of social mobility has been a major research issue for a long time both in sociology and economics. The main questions have been to what extent social mobility differs between countries at different levels of development or with a different institutional structure, and whether mobility changed during and after industrialization (see, e.g., Ganzeboom, Treiman and Ultee 1991; Erikson and Goldthorpe 1992; Ferrie 2005; Long and Ferrie 2007; Bourdieu, Ferrie and Kesztenbaum 2009; Van Leeuwen and Maas 2010; Hout and DiPrete 2006). These questions are also related to issues of social stratification more generally, and the extent to which these patterns are dependent on economic development (see, e.g., Treiman 1976).
Mobility chances depend on the opportunity structure, i.e. the social structure of society, and if industrialization changes the occupational structure it will also affect total mobility. The new economy did not only change mobility patterns via changes of the class structure, but also through changing mechanisms of socioeconomic attainment. The social bottlenecks which act as impediments to development are insufficient attitudinal modernization and a markedly dualistic structure of society. The absence of a sizeable indigeneous middle class, low levels of secondary education and literacy, and inadequate social mobility also constitute important obstacles to raising capacity for long term growth (Adelman and Morris, 2001).
Modernization and Religion
Attitudes to change may be intimately linked with religious beliefs. More religious people tend to be more conservative and less positive attitude towards change, especially towards ‘modernity’. Fundamentalism often opposes social differentiation and rationalization. Modernity seems to counter the well-established, age-old values. Industrial development follows a coherent pattern of growth, and would in time produce certain uniform social and political structures across different countries and cultures (Fukuyama, 1992). Modernization brings in its wake ‘the diminution of the social significance of religion’ (Wallis and Bruce, 1992).
Studies on Indian population have revealed that changes are taking place in the area of social as well as cultural life and the urban population of Hindus is modernizing its attitudes toward marriage and caste (Prabhu, 1956). Religious activity also has an impact on people’s attitudes. It has been reported that the more the respondent attends religious services the more traditional gender role and women employment attitudes he/she holds (Vukovic, 2007). The revival and radicalization of Islam also appears to be a global movement brought in part by a strategic rejection of the apparently secularizing tendencies of modernity (Lechner, 2003). The modern society has indeed become increasingly secular and that this trend would continue; the lack of religiosity in Europe was a glimpse into the future for non-Europeans (Davie, 2000).
Modernization, Position of Women and Family Planning
Demographic studies have reported that models of change are linked to the acceptability of modern methods of birth control. People in traditional cultures are more fatalistic and believe in the will of God while modern families are more open to the use of contraceptives. The level of education, autonomy of women and consensual companionate marriage is linked to high acceptance of contraception. Female education plays a key role in the social developmental approach. Cleland and Wilson (1987) have argued that education lowers fertility mainly by changing women’s perceptions, ideas and aspirations rather than by affecting such objective realities as their work opportunities or the cost of children. A large body of research points to the role of rising female education in lowering fertility. In addition to reducing desired family size, female education is likely to affect the relationship between desired family size and planned number of births. Economic growth is thought to automatically reduce poverty and slow the growth of population (Dreze and Murthi, 2001). However, several studies have found little evidence of the positive link between women’s education and “female autonomy” (Jeffrey and Jeffrey, 1996; Vlassoff 1996; and Visaria, 1996).
The Role of Gender in Modernization
Many researchers have reported of the changes in attitudes towards values beliefs as a result of modernization influences. Studies of Manhardt (1972) found that traditionally men were more concerned with the long-range career objectives, and women were inclined more forwards comfortable working conditions and good interpersonal relations. However, Hakim (1996), in his studies on European population, reported people are increasingly more positive to women’s labor market participation. This change in people’s attitudes is usually explained by the raising level of education for women, better possibilities for career development for women, and also the increasing number of families that are dependent on two incomes for their level of living (Sundstrom 2000). A comparative study conducted by Sumer (1998) on the social position, attitudes and identies of younger Turkish and Norwegian women with higher education found out that Turkish and Norwegian differ considerably in terms of social identities. Turkish do not perceive gender as a significant social determinant in their lives and do not identify women as a general category whereas Norwegian perceive gender as a significant societal determinant in their lives and identify women as general category.
Study conducted by Vukovic (2007) on a sample of 1250 Croatian citizens aged 20+ revealed that there is difference between males and females in all age-groups, in a way that females are more liberal, the difference is largest among the youngest respondents. The youngest female respondents were found to be increasingly dissatisfied with traditional beliefs, while male counterparts very slowly follow that attitudinal shift toward modernity and greater equality. Zabin et al (2009), in their study on adolescent sexual behavior in three Asian cities viz. Hanoi, Sanghai and Taipei found that each of these three cities is undergoing rapid economic development and profound social change. The impact of these changes may differ in case of urban and rural population and males and females. Chia, Chong and Cheng (2001), in their study on relationship of modernization and marriage role attitude among Chinese college students, found a significant sex difference with women holding a more modern value and a more equalitarian attitude toward marriage-role. This more equalitarian marriage role attitude may also characterize Chinese who are more accepting of western values.
The Role of Education in Modernization
Various studies have shown that standards of education determine attitudes towards change and modernization. The more educated people are, the more easily they identify with modernity, while less educated people may be more resistant and suspicious of modernity. Kragh and Djursaa (2006), in their study comprising 26 countries found that teaching styles in post-industrial societies are more likely to follow the organic model, involving greater empowerment of students and less formal authority. In the business school context, this ’empowerment’ is shown to rest on students’ cultural values of solidarity and social commitment.
Educated respondents turn out to be more liberal and egalitarian in their attitudes towards gender roles and women’s employment (Vukovic, 2007). Existing research suggests that business school teaching and management in organizations in general tend to enact similar sociocultural values (Senge, 1997; Senge et al, 2000; Hofstede, 2001; Brown and Lauder, 1992; Brown et al, 2003) and it is possible to generalize findings from business schools to other type of organizations. Business schools are important providers of potential managers to companies and both the content of teaching and the attitude to management and cooperation which students acquire during the process of socialization at the institutions, are therefore strategically important for business (Kragh and Djursaa, 2006).
Research Objectives
To investigate the management students’ attitude towards modernization with respect to Social Mobility, Position of Women, Family Planning, Marriage and Religion and Superstition.
To find out the difference in attitude towards modernization among the female and male management students.
Research Hypothesis
There is a positive attitude among the management students towards modernization with respect to Social Mobility, Position of Women, Family Planning, Marriage and Religion and Superstition.
There is a significant difference in attitude towards modernization among female and male management students.
The Sample
The Study on which this paper is based was carried out in a well-known institute of management located in the National Capital Region (NCR), Delhi. The institute has been in existence for 17 years and it runs a two year (full time) postgraduate program in business administration. The sample for the study consists of 120 management students studying in their 4th semester (final) of MBA full time programme.
Variables
N
Age
20-27years
M=22.8yrs
Gender
Female
60
Male
60
Parent occupation
Business
36
Govt. Service
84
Rural/Urban
Rural
13
Urban
107
Religion
Hindu
110
Sikh
7
Muslim
2
Others
1
Tools for Data Collection and Analysis:
Attitude towards modernization was measured by using Dr. B.M Mathur (1997) “Modernization Attitude Scale” which consists of 35 items divided into five dimensions: Social Mobility (7 items); Position of Women (7 items); Family Planning (7 items), Marriage (7items) and Religion and Superstition (7 items). Test – Retest reliability ranges from .85 to .90. Content validity was judged by 30 judges. The questionnaire was personally administered by the researchers in classrooms after the classes were over.
Scoring: “Yes” answer is given 1 mark for positive question and “No” answer is given 1 mark for negative question. The higher the score, more is the positive attitude towards modernization. The responses to the questionnaire were keyed in and analyzed using the SPSS (version 12).
Results and Discussion
Table 1: Showing the mean, % and SD of the five dimensions of modernization.
Variables
N
Mean
Mean as %
Std. Deviation
Social mobility
120
5.78
82.57%
1.03
Position of women
120
6.35
90.71%
.81
Family planning
120
6.26
89.43%
.91
Marriage
120
5.39
77%
1.07
Religion and superstition
120
5.25
75%
1.04
Total modernization
120
28.56
81.6%
3.92
Table 2: Showing the t-test of five dimension of modernization in terms of gender.
Variable
Gender
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Df
t-value
Sig.
Social Mobility
Female
60
6.15
.84
118
4.12
**
Male
60
5.41
1.09
Position of Women
Female
60
6.58
.61
118
3.12
*
Male
60
6.13
.93
Family Planning
Female
60
6.31
.72
118
.59
NS
Male
60
6.21
1.07
Marriage
Female
60
5.61
.96
118
2.32
NS
Male
60
5.16
1.15
Religion and and Superstition
Female
60
5.3
1.03
118
.52
NS
Male
60
5.20
1.07
Modernization
Female
60
29.86
2.26
118
3.82
*
Male
60
27.26
4.75
** Significant at .01 level, *Significant at .05 level, NS= Not Significant.
Graphical representation of means of female and male students in terms of five dimensions of modernization
A perusal at table 1 shows that the means of the five dimensions of modernization are all having high score, which shows that there is a positive attitude towards modernization among the management students. Among the five dimensions, the mean of the “Position of Women” (M=6.35) was higher than the others dimensions followed by means of “Family Planning” (M=6.26); “Social Mobility” (M=5.78); “Religion and Superstition” (M=5.25) and “Marriage” (M=5.39). This shows that these management students have a very positive attitude towards the Position of Women emphasizing on the equality of gender rights, status of women upliftment, and provision of education and accepting women at higher positions. In terms of their attitude towards Family Planning, the students consider it an important factor and notion of individual choice within the nuclear family is paramount. Modernization of behavior has also lead to the constitution of modern families, which are more open to the use of modern contraceptives and believe in the concept of small family means a happy family.
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With regard to social mobility, the students are totally against caste, the concept of untouchability and have a view that such beliefs are an obstacle in the progress of the society and must be eliminated. The students have shown a positive attitude towards the upliftment of the scheduled caste and tribes. In case of religion and superstition, the students have the opinion that religion and superstition should be based on one’s faith and one should not be superstitious. The modernization theorists of the past three decades largely accepted the view of the modern world as a space of shrinking religiosity (Appadurai, 1996). In case of marriage, the sample have the opinion that people should be given freedom to select one’s own life partner and they have also indicated a positive attitude towards love marriage and even inter-caste marriage.
The findings indicating a positive attitude towards modernization have been supported by many researchers. Acc to Srivastava et.al, (1976), the goals of higher standard of life, freedom security, and social justice are more of the accepted goals of modernism. Family values and teaching styles in business schools are part of the same cultural complex of linked values and norms (Kragh and Djursaa, 2006). Hence, our hypothesis 1 which states that there is a positive attitude among the management students towards modernization with respect to Social Mobility, Position of Women, Family Planning, Marriage and Religion and Superstition, is accepted.
A look at table 2 shows the t-value of the five facets of modernization in terms of gender. The overall modernization score shows significant differences among female and male (t- value=3.82) and the mean score of female students (M=29.86) was higher than mean score of male students (M= 27.26). This shows that female management students are having more positive modernization attitude than their male counterparts. There is also a significant difference in female and male scores on two dimensions of modernization viz. Social Mobilty and Position of Women. The t-value of female and male in Social mobility is 4.12 which shows significant at .05 level and mean of female (M=6.15) was higher than mean of male (M=5.41). This indicates that female students have a more positive attitude towards social mobility in terms of eradicating untouchability, caste system and believe in the upliftment of the minority section of people. This result shows that female students are more welfare oriented towards the upliftment of society. According to the liberal theory of industrialism, economic development sponsors more mobility and encourages equal opportunities (Dribe, Helgertz and Putte, 2012).
The t-value (3.12) shows significant differences between female and male management students in their attitude towards position of women. The mean of female (M=6.58) was higher than mean of male (M= 6.13). This is understandable that female will have higher regards for the position of women in the society. The position of women in society is closely related to family values. This finding shows that female students have higher opinion about the upliftment of the female role and equality in the eyes of society. In the long term, it is seen that that modernization brings systematic, predictable changes in attitudes towards gender roles. Mukherjee (1997), in his study on the ideas and attitudes of students towards modernization, found that female students wished to become economically independent and acquire equal status with males in jobs and houses. The t-value in family planning; marriage and religion and superstition shows no significant differences between females and males; even though in terms of Attitudes towards Marriage, the mean of female (M=5.61) is having higher than male (M=5.16). Thus, our hypothesis 2 which states that there is a significant difference in attitude towards modernization among female and male management students, is partially accepted and partially rejected.
Conclusion
Modernity is the attitude to adjust to the rapidly changing condition of socio-cultural and economic milieu and to break from traditional mode of life. Modernity is one thing towards which every society is inevitably moving, although at different rates of development. The findings of this study show that the attitudes of management students towards the different facets of modernization are positive and they favor development. This could be due to the reason that standards of education determine attitudes towards change and modernization. The management students are educated and they identify easily with modernity. Also, interestingly, female students were found to have a more positive attitude towards overall modernization and also towards the two dimensions of Social Mobility and Position of Women. Female students favor the integration of social classes and do not consider themselves as a weaker section of the society. They want to be stronger; free from being prejudiced and no longer under the domination of male counterparts.
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